From INSEAD Knowledge
Indian Railways is the world's largest employer and one of the biggest and busiest rail networks in the world, carrying some 17 million people and more than 1 million tons of freight daily. It was, however, until very recently, a money-losing organization that was heading for bankruptcy.
Starting his term in 2004 with a budget of just $200 million with which to save the national institution, India's Minister of Railways Lalu Prasad engineered a dramatic turnaround. Last year, Indian Railways' revenue came to $6 billion.
Flouting prescriptions to privatize Indian Railways, retrench staff, and increase passenger and freight fares by 20 percent in every budget, Prasad instead chose to keep on board 1.4 million employees and 1.1 million pensioners, reduced fares by up to 45 percent and -- while refusing to privatize the core business of Indian Railways -- started public-private partnerships in some peripheral areas.
"We have broken the myth that whenever any government organization runs into losses that you privatize it and retrench the manpower," says Prasad. "My belief is that if we have honesty, vision and commitment to the organization, there is no possibility of any institution and corporation running into losses."
It's a strategy based on volume. While output has increased threefold, real operating costs have fallen over the last 25 years. By increasing the capacity of a typical long-distance train to 2000 passengers from 800, unit costs fell by 45 percent. The practice of taking seven days to load or unload a freight train was reduced to five, and systematic changes have helped to rein in corruption. Garib rath trains, also known as the "poor man's chariot," now have air conditioning with cushioned seats and suction toilets.
Bringing down freight fares has greatly benefited local industry, Prasad says. In a country where agriculture is the backbone of the economy, he says there is a huge role for Indian Railways in helping farmers directly connect with markets for their goods.
"There are no markets in the places where production happens and middle men buy the agricultural produce at cheap prices," he says. "We are going to open agricultural centers at stations so farmers don't have to search for markets. Through joint ventures, we will set up cold storage and purchase points in stations, as well as freezer containers, so they can send agricultural produce around the country and beyond. We will charge farmers appropriate and reasonable prices. This will enrich farmers, and this increase in income will mean they can buy the things that everyone else is buying."
With regard to private investment, Prasad says the turnaround has piqued interest in investing in the railways. While the private sector can play a role -- in building engines and wheels, and world-class stations, for example -- Prasad insists there is absolutely no chance of allowing privatization of the core business, "rail, running of trains (and) control of all the trains."
Indian Railways' surplus earnings mean that the organization does not have to depend on overseas development assistance from bodies such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency to expand. "JICA or no JICA -- we are self-sufficient," says Prasad.
Prasad says freight trains are Indian Railways' "earning horse," and he has extensive plans for expanding freight lines, increasing their efficiency, and capturing the 60 percent of goods that are still transported by road. A third line -- a dedicated freight corridor -- is also being constructed to connect even the most remote areas with all ports and industrial hubs.
Prasad is also keen to help in India's water conservation efforts, by building siphons and canals, and -- on the wasteland on either side of the 64,000 kilometers of track -- pipes with water for drinking and irrigation.
He also outlines efforts to reduce fuel consumption by building train carriages from aluminum to reduce their weight. "With the increasing price of fuel, we have to keep an alternative in mind," he says. "Therefore, we are going to electrify the main routes in the entire country. The (proposed civil) nuclear deal (with the U.S. which would allow India to develop nuclear technology to meet its growing energy demands) -- which should be reached -- is also likely to help."
With an eye to the future, Prasad says that as India's population continues to grow, there will be a need for more trains, more engines and wheels. "Even now, we buy wheels from abroad. We have only two factories, and are building a third. It's fine that these things come from abroad but we have the skills, unemployment and youth."
Prasad also recommends learning from another country with a "magnanimous population" -- China. "China has gotten really far ahead. We will have to learn from them," he says. "Instead of jealousy, we should see what our neighbor is doing and copy that."
Indian Railways' turnaround had required a fundamental shift in mindset. As Prasad's adviser, Sudhir Kumar, notes: "We are not in the business of railways; we are in the business of transportation -- one of several modes of transportation, and the only way to survive and thrive in the marketplace is to offer superior and compelling value to your customers."
